Essay about HIV Vaccine Clinical Trials The Standard of...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus infecting approximately 35.3 million people worldwide that leads to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 selectively infects certain host immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, resulting in the continual depletion of the host immune system (Global Report, 2013). More specifically, HIV-1 prevalence is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries worldwide. In recent years, there has been much effort devoted to developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1. The vaccine clinical trials are typically held in these developing countries where HIV-1 prevalence is highest. The dilemma that continues†¦show more content†¦Currently the best standard drug regimen available for HIV-1 infection is that of highly active retroviral treatment (HAART) (Scott Tsevat, 2006). The dilemma is that in 2006, the estimated cost per year of HAART was $ 730 per person. This excludes the fact that market prices of HAART are typically higher, especially in the US. No country in Africa, and few countries elsewhere in the developing world can afford this level of treatment (Specter, 2003). Another interesting study in 2002 found that only 39 out of the 160 countries that data was collected had a per capita health expenditure over $730, which is startling. More so, 85 out of those 160 countries spent under $300 per capita in health expenditures (The Kaiser Family Foundation, 2002). Interestingly, another study conducted showed that in 2006, Indias total per capita health expenditure amounted to $23 (Gupta Bollinger, 2006). These studies truly suggest how unobtainable these HIV-1 treatments are to the developing countries. Ultimately, this further suggests that to provide trial participants with these optimal treatments, outside entities would be required for providing the funds. Even in providing trial participants with the high est standard of care (HAART), additional expenses and obstacles must be overcome for the treatment to be truly successful. Due to the fact that HAART is associated with many potential adverse side effects, continual follow-up and monitoring of patients is required toShow MoreRelatedBackground Guide Of World Health Organization7133 Words   |  29 Pagespriorities. As outlined in its 12th Program of Work for the period 2015-2019, current World Health Organization focus areas include providing leadership on global health issues, shaping/supporting research agendas, establishing/enforcing norms and standards, providing technical support, and monitoring global health trends. 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Nigeria Biafra Civil War - 2383 Words

| Realism, Power and the Nigerian Civil War | | 211540478 | Ntsika Nduli | 3/15/2013 | | International Relations is a field of politics that takes a look at the interactions that occur in between states in the international arena. Its aim is to explain why certain events have unfolded in certain ways, as a result of how states use their power relatively to each other. Mostly the interactions that International Relations tries to examine or explain, is the conflicts that arise as a result of differing interests that states have. To provide a base for analysis, this essay is going to use the central theory of realism to explain the civil war that occurred in Nigeria in between 1967 to 1970. This essay will seek to explain the†¦show more content†¦Hans Morgenthau later described Realism As being based on objective laws that are based in unchanging human nature, which has four basic assumptions: I) The state is the most important actor in International Relations II) The state is a unitary and rational actor III) The international system is anarchic because of a lack of a central authority IV) Security and strategic issues (and economics) dominate international politics. Therefore interactions may be defined in terms of power, and this allows for the analytical study of foreign policy, regardless of the circumstances. Realism as Realpolitik involves the use of power. Power is the ability to influence others into doing what they otherwise would not. In Realism, the important aspects of power looked at are power resources and power capabilities. Power resources are drawn over a long-term period and can be seen as potential power. These may include: population, geography and territory. Power capabilities are used for more immediate purposes, and they may include: military force, economic strength and diplomatic skill. The concept of the ‘Balance of Power’ is used to understand the process of Realpolitik. It is the relation of power between states. With the background of the Nigeria/Biafra civil war and the tool of analysis in place, t his essay will now attend to explaining why Realism can be used as an analytical tool in discussing the conflict between Nigeria and Biafra, how the central concept ofShow MoreRelatedNigeria Biafra Civil War2367 Words   |  10 Pages| Realism, Power and the Nigerian Civil War | | 211540478 | Ntsika Nduli | 3/15/2013 | | International Relations is a field of politics that takes a look at the interactions that occur in between states in the international arena. Its aim is to explain why certain events have unfolded in certain ways, as a result of how states use their power relatively to each other. Mostly the interactions that International Relations tries to examine or explain, is the conflicts that arise asRead MoreGame Of Success Tom : The Nigerian Biafra War, Nigeria s Civil War1549 Words   |  7 PagesGame of Success TOM: The Nigerian-Biafra War, Nigeria’s Civil War. The inner conflict between the Biafra region and the mainland Nigerian government began approximately seven years after gaining independence from the British on October 1st, 1960. The Nigerian Civil War also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War plummeted the country through three years of unmitigated bloodshed with a death toll of over a million people. The war initiated by the succession of the southeastern region on May 30thRead MoreEssay on The Nigerian Civil War1344 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Nigerian Civil War, 1967 – 1970, was an ethnic and political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the South-eastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra. The war became notorious for the starvation in some of the besieged war-bound regions, and the consequent claims of genocide made by the largely Igbo people of those regions. Causes of the Conflict The conflict was the result of serious tensions, both ethnic and religious, between the differentRead MoreCivil Wars in Western Africa: Nigeria, Sierra Leone1743 Words   |  7 Pagesstates, which is a layman’s definition of civil war. The scholarly definition of a Civil war is a war between organized groups within a state. 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In the article, â€Å"Regarding the Torture of Others† Susan Sontag writes about the torture soldiers are inflicting on prisoners. Some torture was done so brutally that the some of the soldiers deem that acts as correct and in the process seem to try to dehumanize the victims. The bush administration

Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands Essay Example For Students

Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands Essay Western world convention dictates, primarily through religious teachings, that a marriage should be comprised of one male and one female. Polygamy is legal in some countries, under Islamic law, and in some African nations. Based upon their religious and cultural foundations, the system of polygamist marriages has stood successfully for centuries in those countries. In Western culture, there have been attempts to establish polygamist groups, primarily based upon differing religious viewpoints; however, most of these have not been able to withstand the pressure applied by the religious and cultural majority. If one wants to live and prosper in a given society, it is not advantageous to swim too hard against the current. In the movie, Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands, while it ends with the three main characters living together happily ever after, it is in a spiritual sense that they do so, rather than an actual polygamist relationship. Dona Flors first husbands spirit remains with her during her second marriage to fill something lacking in her new relationship. In a sense, we all do this in our relationships. A bit of the essence of our past loves remains with us throughout our lives, filling whatever voids may be present in our current relationships. The only time I could see that as being a problem is when, in the current relationship, the voids outweigh the fulfillment and we put more emphasis on the ghost rather than the actual current relationship. In the film, after Flor married the intelligent but inexperienced and unexciting Doctor, she came to miss the passion and excitement from her first marriage. Her void, which she suffered silently, was filled by the presence of her ex-husbands ghost, wh ich provided her with the passion and excitement she so desperately needed. Dona Flor wanted different things from each of her husbands. From Vadinho, she wanted passion and excitement. It did not matter to her that he was an alcoholic, abusive husband with an addiction to gambling and prostitutes. As long as she obtained the passion and excitement she craved from Vadinho, it was only her friends and family that objected to the relationship and tried to convince her to leave. She did not want to leave him; even after he beat her, stole her money, and left her for several days. She blamed herself and her inability to have children for much of their problems. Even after his death, she did not want to leave him and her first dream came immediately; it included singing, dancing, drinking, gambling, and wild, passionate sex. In spite of her hating the excessive drinking and gambling, she could only think, Never again his lips! Vadinho gave her all the passion and excitement Flor desired. So strong was this passion that it continued, even after his death. We will write a custom essay on Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now From Dr. Teodoro, she wanted security, stability, and social status. She also needed to put an end to her sexual frustration, as the words of the song she sang while cooking demonstrated: If your guest seeks more refined game, serve him a more sensitive dish. A young and beautiful widowWhose bed is a desert to be crossed, Endless burning sands of desire, when every nerve begs, and every fiber demands, and my anguish makes me implore, what has no limit and never will Yet, from the beginning of her relationship with the Doctor, she was still missing the passion and excitement she experienced with Vadinho. When she received the initial love letter from the Doctor, she thought, Outside a serious girl, inside a bad girl dreaming of naughty things! The Doctors rigid formality and fear of expressing his love openly expressed itself even on their honeymoon as they stood together at the beach and he hesitated to put his hand around his new brides waist. Vadinho mentioned several times, when h e reappeared as a spirit that he came back because Flor had been calling for him. She had been calling him because of her despair at having lost the strong sexual passion they had shared. With her new relationship she got the security, stability, and social status she wanted but the Doctor could never give her the passion and excitement she needed. .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 , .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .postImageUrl , .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 , .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74:hover , .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74:visited , .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74:active { border:0!important; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74:active , .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74 .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6be49c1bc75502fbb34b84f11ec46d74:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lord Of The Flies Quotes And Significance EssayVadinho wanted Flor to support his habits: drinking, gambling and sex. His love for her was more of a passionate sort rather than a romantic one and even during their wedding night he gambled heavily and visited a house of prostitution. When Flor mentions that she sometimes thinks they could be a couple like any other, Vadinho replies Sure, and wed sit on the sidewalk and gossip, Id play backgammon while you read this book from the girls library. He could not live a quiet average lifestyle and deep inside she realized and accepted this. Flor did support and accept his habits, though reluctantly, as long as he provided her with the passion and excitement she needed. Even when he beat her for her last hidden stash of money, she could not bring herself to pack up and leave without the prodding of her friends and family. Teodoro wanted a beautiful wife to care for. He wanted to share his life with a woman, with her serving the role of a companion. He is so formal and unromantic that he finds himself providing Flor with scientific explanations for the beauty she saw in the night sky. He constantly kisses her on the forehead as a father would to a child. His first steps after the honeymoon were to fire Flors long-employed maid and to reorganize the house with a place for everything and everything in its place! The Doctor got everything he wanted from Flor. She became the dutiful, loving wife and companion he wanted on the outside, while on the inside she maintained her passion and excitement with Vadinho.

Drug Discovery and Development A Complex Team Sport

Question: Discuss the reasons for using the performance-enhancing-drug, attitude of the footballers towards the usage of dope and drug testing and actions taken by coaches to encourage anti-doping? Answer: 1.0 Introduction The report analyses the debate of the usage of illegal materials for enhancing the aims of ones aims of performance in a game. It is known as doping. The outsiders interpretations and perceptions of doping have obtained minute attention as compared to the attention of the media for doping in the elite sports. It is a very popular phenomenon which has been studied researched majorly from the point of view of biomedical, even if the approaches of psychology are the chief aspects for fighting against doping. These phenomenons have developed majorly at present and there a deep understanding of the essentials for inventing effective prevention programmes. The study concentrates on the outlook on doping in the elite sports (Adams, 2008). Concept Doping is referred to as the use of the prohibited performance enhancing drugs by the competitors in athletes, where the phrase doping is broadly used in the organizations which regulate the competitions. Usage of drugs is considered to increase the performance and is also regarded as unethical in most of the sports organizations in foreign countries. In the prospective of psychology, attitudes are taken as the index of behavior in doping which is related of the exploitation of the unauthorized substances to a higher leniency in doping. Initial use of these banned materials were taken to gain achievement of success in athletes by an improvement in the performance, gain in finance , recovery and averting deficiencies in nutrition (Blank et al., 2013). The other most use of these drugs is false consensus effect. Many athletes accept that it is cheating, risky and unhealthy because of the authorization and its efficacy is also recognized broadly. It is believed that the inefficiency of the programmes of anti-doping and sports condemn the process in which the tests of doping are carried out. Many sports person deems the strictness of the punishment which is apt or not enough brutal. There are some variations in the team-based sports and sports which needs the motor skills, which is impacted less by the practices of doping, rather than the sports which are individually self-paced. Furthermore the controls of anti-doping are less extensive in the team sports. The usage of these banned materials also fluctuates in some specific sports due to the demand (Brand, Heck and Ziegler, 2014). The coaches emerge to be the main manipulator and the origin of the information for the sports person while the doctors and other practitioners do not appear to take steps as the principal advisors. Football is becoming increasingly famous and familiar with the rules of anti-doping. But the lack of knowledge still exists among the sports people which should be treated and resolved by way of accurate educational counseling. There are also the prevalence of doubtful information on the supplements of diet and the side effects of the performance-enhancing substances. Thus, prevention and information are vital and should accommodate to the footballers and the correlated stakeholders. Thus will allow people to sustain and establish a proper attitude and behavior towards doping (Brand, Melzer and Hagemann, 2011). Methodology A systematic survey was carried out for the students of the university on doping in elite sports to take their views. It was primary research where questionnaires were given to the students to fill up and let us know their concerns and notions of the performance enhancing drugs. Another set of questionnaire were given to the coaches to know what is their perceptions on PES and how do they motivate the students to make them stay away from it. The secondary research was based on the journals on doping in elite sports, articles on the same and views of some sportsperson mentioned in websites and other peer-reviewed journals. For the research we have defined elite sports as the best sports where the players give their best performance at a national or even an international level (Blank et al., 2013). Data collection The mode of collecting data was through the questionnaires for both the students and the coaches. The students who mainly focus on sports were given the first preference. It was an open survey. Students who wanted to participate in this were taken. As the research is based on the athletes of the elite sports, it is unable to take their views so the sporting students in the university were asked to give their views because every academic year multiple students of the university becomes trained coaches with the aid of the university. So the sporting students are the next best alternative of the elite athletes so as to get a detailed research on doping. The relation between the students and the research is that they practice to be able to perform in the elite sports so their views and notions are very important to know (Brand, Wolff and Thieme, 2014). Even though the research objective is to find out the views of the students in the matter of doping in elite sports it is also necessary for us to know the notions of the coaches. Their relationsh8ip (elite athlete and coach) has to be strong so that the performance level increases. Also the views of the coaches are essential because it is needed to know how they train athletes on the matters of doping and how they motivate them to not take those drugs to enhance the performance. Since the elite coaches cannot be approached for the research the university coaches will help the researcher in the research. The relation between the coach and the research is to focus on the students in sporting and to do so a face-to-face interview is necessary (Camir and Trudel, 2013). Reasons for using the performance-enhancing-drug It is found that the most often reason for doping or using these drugs was to enhance the performance as well as to gain financial stability simultaneously. Through the research it is also seen that the students mentioned that it was also to enhance the self-confidence and social recognition. It was also found that 6% of the students were encouraged by their family and friends to engage themselves in doping while 7.5% of the students were persuaded by the coaches so that they progress in their performance. The research brought that some students had no exterior pressure to engage themselves in doping. And the respondent did mention that the grounds on which the uses of these drugs by them were mainly due to the recovery aid from injuries and economic pressure from the elite sport. These drugs were banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The sample of students who were the upcoming sporting persons mentioned that they used these drugs to protect their health, to enhance their immune s ystem and to bring out improvement in their performance (Camir et al., 2011). Things like ability to recover quickly and improvement in the performance of the muscle were also referred. While some group of students mentioned that the core importance of taking these drugs was to study the supplementation to make an increment in the energy to sustain the health and avert the deficiency in the nutrition portion and also to improve in the recovery of exercises. The respondent mentioned that the use of supplement is essential in the sports to be successful. It was believed by them that the supplements in their nutrition have enhanced their performance. Thus they were drawn towards doping and has also confessed that they were exposed to the usage of doping drugs themselves if it is essential to maintain their career, but only after they have become professionals (Camporesi and Knuckles, 2014). The concept of false consensus effect suggests that the footballers with a history of use of illicit substances overestimate the dominance of the drug use in the footballers. These outcomes guarantee more attention because the students tend to report that the high dominance of the use of drugs are found in the footballers compared to the other sport. Thus the students believe that footballers who take these substances are likely to start as well, which will lead to the establishment of a viscous cycle which will propagate the culture of pro-doping. Thus the people who are around these footballers like, coaches, family, and friends should be very careful about this false consensus effect when discussing about doping. It is very important that the stakeholders emphasize on the importance of averting doping and not to overstress the use of performance enhancing substances or the notion that the successful footballers are using these drugs (Adams, 2008). Attitude of the footballers towards the usage of dope and drug testing. The lack of the scientific research describe that the elite footballers attitudes towards doping is due to the impenetrability in convincing the footballers to discuss about this with the researchers. (DuPont et al., 2013) stated the attitudes of the footballers are an issue which is impacted by the previous experiences, personality traits, characteristics of the objects of the attitude and the environmental factors. In a survey it was found that the 91.5% of the footballers perceived that the use of the banned substances will improve their level of performance. Furthermore, many footballers were not in the support of doping. Multiple footballers believed that it is achievable to make it to the international level in their sport without the intake of these substances. They viewed that the intake of these substances were illegal and deemed the shame that was linked with it as an important deterrent (EGAN et al., 2011). It was seen that some elite football students as compared to other s are reluctant to use these drugs. Even though the intake of non-banned supplements of nutrition was deemed to be acceptable by more than 66.4% of both the groups, they all declined the though5t of using anabolic steroids, erythropoietin and amphetamines. It was researched that the elite footballers represent a distinct group with some norms, beliefs and values which are different from those who take these substances. This is straight away related to different objectives, motivations, pressures, necessities, knowledge and other influences which are placed on the footballers that could bring an outcome of different behaviors. Thus such comparisons that are made between the elite footballers or the elite sports person of different sports should be made cautiously. The use of these substances to enhance the concentration was highly acceptable in the survey. 12% of the elite footballers mentioned this as a magic drug. So at least some of the footballers who are reluctant to take these drugs would have taken these substances if it had no harmful effects while some footballers mentioned that they would have taken these if it gave short lifespan (EGAN et al., 2011). The research also examined the achievement goals, motivational goals and sportsmanship profiles of the student footballers in terms of the behavior in doping. The analysis exposed three major divisions with regard to the self-determination of the footballers. These are intrinsically motivated, amotivated and extrinsically motivated. The Amotivated footballers are mainly the high scorer for the partial use of these substances and the objective of the future usage compared to the footballers who are intrinsically motivated and extrinsically motivated. In the conducted interviews with the students to measure their attitudes towards the use of drugs and the drug testing, it was found that most footballers have a negative attitude towards the use of drugs. The drug testing results gave the most inconsistent outcomes. It was found that the drug testing wasa restraint to the usage of drugs among the intercollegiate players but the footballers were only concerned about the accuracy of the dr ug test (El-Hammadi and Hunien, 2013). Psychological and Social Determinants Many may not believe or try to understand the set of laws pertaining to doping which is put forth by many anti-drug agencies which clearly states that doping in sport should not be tolerated. Despite the educational programs of these agencies use of dope did not decrease as it was expected to be. To identify why a footballer will risk his reputation, career and health by doping, researchers are now evaluating the psychology of the footballers process of decision making. To examine the psychological and social factors portrayed a major role in the decision of a footballer to use the drugs, researchers surveyed the personal norms, attitudes, social influences and self-efficacy comparing to the characteristics to define which is the factor that influences the use of PES. The outcomes of the survey showed that the use of PES was the major predictor of the intent to use the PES in near future. Winning was supported by personal norms, no matter what the cost is, it influenced the footballe rs to push themselves towards PES. Addition to this the former and the current user of PES displayed positive optimistic attitudes on how PES can improve their performance level (Elbe and Brand, 2014). Scale Level Model of Doping The distinction between substance abuse and doping is that the doping behavior means an end to ones life. The orientation of winning is the only variable with an important relationship to the attitude of doping. Attitude towards the orientation of winning may also influence what the footballers think about doping (Judge et al., 2012). It was also found that the doping attitudes influence the behavior. The sole variable with a strong relationship to this behavior is the belief. The footballers do not have to be highly driven to win so as to have a inclination towards doping. The orientation of sports can also be defined the prevailing terms of attitudes towards the achievement of goals. Goal achievement is defined as task orientation or the orientation of ego. It is seen that more the footballer is ego-oriented the more his attitude is inclined towards doping. The footballers vary in the degrees of each of the orientation. A high orientation of task can over ride an extent of ego and construct negative approach towards to doping. The environment in which the footballer competes impacts their orientation of goal. A mastery climate constructs an environment which fosters be the best you can be. A performance climate promotes a direction towards winning at any cost (Hauw and Mohamed, 2015). Goal Orientation Win Orientation Doping attitude Past Use Current Use Competitiveness Doping Believes Doping Behavior Figure 1: Scale-Level Model of Doping Effects of Doping After all the information, debate and attention on doping, effects of doping should be seriously noted. It is an important field of concern for the footballers. Doping has the potentiality to drastically change the human body and the biological functions which includes the capability to moderately improve the sporting performance in many instances. These drugs are nevertheless awfully dangerous and in many situations deadly. The negative impacts of these drugs have on any individuals body is paramount so the footballers should shun the use of such drugs just to succeed in the game (Huybers and Mazanov, 2010). Anabolic Agents The following can be the effects of doping. Physiological Male Pattern Baldness (Partridge, Lucke and Hall, 2014) Acne Damage of liver. Stunted growth. Insomnia. Dehydration. Tremors. Increased risk of stroke. Psychological Increased aggressiveness and criminal behavior. Depression Gender Specific Impotence. Reduction in the production of sperm (Kim, Chen and Hwang, 2010). Help from the coaches Many coaches see the ability of the sport (football) to offer a positive experience and hold up the development of health in the young and elite footballers, but they do not know how to increase these benefits (Morente-Snchez et al., 2015). Education on the fair play and ethics in the sports is a common thing for the coaches. It is the duty of the coach to deal with these ethical issues of sportsmanship, doping, use of PES, etc. It is important that the coaches activate professionally and with the integrity in the relationships with those who participate in or are linked with their sport. Coaches ensure the rights and needs of all his students engaged in football (Morente-Snchez and Zabala, 2013). A coach can influence tremendously on the footballers. They are their role models. It was found from the research that no coach encourages the use of doping but the footballers have accepted that they were told by the coaches to indulge themselves so that they can enhance their performance so as to succeed in the game. Due to this drawback the outcomes of some survey was improper because it could be analyzed the people who are high motivators for the footballers in case of doping. But some of the coaches were up front in telling that they have advised the footballers and encouraged them in doping because it helped them in giving strong performances and moved the players to the achievements of goals (Mallia et al., 2013). Actions taken by coaches to encourage anti-doping Sport is something where a player gives his 100%, so when methods like doping is encouraged to these players it becomes a nuisance for them ruining their health, reputation and also the skill fades away. It is the duty of the coach to motivate players to work hard to achieve their goals and not to push them towards doping (Szabo and Mller, 2015). Following are some actions that the coach can take for the students in the university so tha5t6 they dont indulge in doping. Coaches should understand the aftermath of these prohibited substances and the methods on the health of the footballers and also their performances.Planning and executing a program which will help them develop the footballers in all areas of their expertise.Averting pressure on the footballers wherever possible and expressing the concern for their well-being.Educating the footballers on the various resources of anti-doping which are available and also the process of checking the medications and gaining the approval for the use of these resources when required (Singhammer, 2012). Conveying the beliefs on health and the fair play to the footballers by strengthening the use of these substances which are prohibited and the methods because this process is nothing but cheating (Sas-Nowosielski and Swiatkowska, 2008). Discouraging the illicit practices which can ruin the health as well as also the skills. Doping is not a healthy pursuit.8.0 Conclusion (Vangrunderbeek and Tolleneer, 2010) stated that sport is sacred. People put their efforts to become a good sportsman. When things like doping and other prohibited substances come to their way they get lured so as to perform well. This study showed how the students in the university perceived the notion of doping. The research brought out varied results of doping band how they perceive them. It is not only the footballers of the university who has the responsibility to shun the use of these drugs but it is also the duty of the coach not to encourage the students to illicit substances like this. Doping has serious and adverse effects which will not only ruin the health of the footballers but will also take his career to the ruins (Stubbe et al., 2013). References Adams, J. (2008). Drug Discovery and Development: A Complex Team Sport. Science. Blank, C., Leichtfried, V., Schaiter, R., Frhapter, C., Mller, D. and Schobersberger, W. (2013). 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